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extreme right in Europe

Gloria Alvarez Desanti, DPhil

The failures of governments in Europe to the consequences of the global economic crisis and recent events in the Middle East have created an environment suitable for the strengthening of the extreme right in Europe and their arguments against migrants. This can be seen in the statements of Marine Le Pen, the new French leader of the National Front in France, during his visit to immigration detention center on the Italian island of Lampedusa. Mrs. Le Pen declares "If I only listen to my heart, of course I would leave up to my ship ... but my boat is too fragile and, if I bring my ship will sink ... Europe has capacity to welcome all these illegal immigrants. " Also, British Prime Minister, David Cameron said that Britain would not "mass immigration ... immigrants have an unwillingness to learn English and integrate into communities."

In recent surveys of voting intentions for the upcoming French presidential elections of 2012, Marine Le Pen has a 24% acceptance and President Nicolas Sarkozy at 19%.

right-wing parties have been strengthened since the nineties in northern Europe, some only at regional levels. Among the parties that have gained ground in Germany we have the Republican Party, German People's Union, the National Democratic Party, in Australia the Freedom Party, the Flemish Bloc in Belgium, in Denmark Danish People's Party, in Italy the Northern League and the National Alliance, in Norway the Progress Party, and in Portugal the Popular Party, among others. All are marked by hostility towards immigrants, concerns about the growing activities of Islamic terrorists, the consequences of globalization and, more recently, resentment toward the European Union and the cost of rescuing the country from its crisis taxation, especially Greece. In Denmark right-wing policies in Parliament took them to reduce aid to developing countries. For its part, Spain Force Survey of the National Institute Statistics showed that unemployment in the first quarter of 2011 was 21.29%. These levels of unemployment inevitably have political consequences and simplistic answers from the extreme right can be attractive.

The evidence seems to show that they have weakened the regional integration model and the ideal of multiculturalism. The optimism that surrounded the adoption of the euro is now gone. Instead, it begins to appear sort intolerant nationalism reigns anti-Islamism, exacerbated by rising unemployment. Europe lived in the century past traumatic experiences of bigotry, racism, scapegoating and genocide, which were accompanied or preceded by high unemployment and economic instability. The second part of the twentieth century evolved successfully into a model of tolerance, multiculturalism and integration even as insurance against the fratricidal war. Today, with generational changes they see as far the first half of the twentieth century and return specter of unemployment and with this, the intolerance of the right approaches to become more tempting. Europe must deal with a changing world, characterized by factors such as globalization, immigration and transnational security challenges, but must do so by sacrificing the high ideals that have motivated.

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Gloria Rodríguez Álvarez Desanti and Glorianna

While the Arab struggle for democratic states, Pakistan's blasphemy law claims more lives of religious minorities, and leads the country into a culture of fear and repression. This has led to groups of human rights defenders to make the allegations of the case.

The blasphemy law has its origin in the Penal Code of India during British colonial rule its purpose was to protect places of worship of all religions. In the 80's, the law is changed during the dictatorship of General Zia ul Haq and passed to punish any derogatory comments against the Prophet Muhammad with the death penalty. Christians, Sikhs, Parsis and the minority Hindu Ahdmadi have been victims of false statements in light of this law. Many times that there are conflicts or problems between the business communities.

In November 2010, was sentenced to death for blasphemy the first woman, Bibi Asia. Human Rights Watch said that the social persecution and legal discrimination have been widespread in Punjab against religious minorities. It has a record of more than 38 executions have been documented, including the Punjab Governor Salman Taseer and Federal Minister for Minorities Affairs, Shahbaz Bhatti.

intolerance is growing every day in Pakistani society, and inability to combat eliminate the freedom of expression. In his last interview to the BBC, the Minister Bhatti said "I will be killed, I will be beheaded by the forces of extremism because it is against the law of blasphemy." Bhatti fought to change the law used to settle accounts in the name of religion.

Pakistan People's Party and the opposition Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz fighting for their own political survival and are unwilling to confront the groups defending the law on blasphemy. These groups operate with impunity. Do not fear anyone. In the absence of a strong and effective legal system, they see no reason to coexist with the groups that have different religious views and political.

Locke points out that civil society should be a balance between natural rights and public order. In this context, the state will not absolute, but must respect these rights are innate. Locke argues that statehood is summarized in the fact that most humans prefer to avoid conflict. That is why, with such live in a stable and peaceful society, are willing to limit some of their rights and accept the supremacy and enforcement actions of government.

is developed and a "social contract." This philosophical figure is not limited to a historical event or a political event. Rather, the "social contract" refers to the phenomenon where the state is playing an active role in society in order to maintain peace and common welfare.

In other words, the State should not only use its punitive powers against those who violate the law, but must run and reform and the measures necessary in each context to maintain the common welfare. No society is static. Are changing. It is for this reason that the state function of ensuring the common good does not respond to an arithmetic equation. Can not be predetermined. A contrario, must answer the social reality and deal with this complex dynamic.

From the philosophical perspective, the state in Pakistan has failed its primary goal, its raison d'etre. He has allowed extremists to move from being participants in the national discourse to be the main voice. At this time are those who drive the discourse.

In conclusion, the state function should not allow that promotes racial or religious hatred, especially not incite acts of violence. In Pakistan, to the governmental failures, the extremist message has taken a position of social prominence. is a voice that has blood on his hands. But the trouble is that this has caused a political reaction. Both the government and the opposition prefer to keep their silence. Essentially not want to lose political points. Are violated and the rights of religious minorities and the State ceased to be the guarantor of the social contract.

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